ABOUT SURVEY

Definition of Survey

Survey is an art and science of sighting and reconnaissance, inspect situation and measuring in order to produce map. 

Surveying is the art and science of making field measurement on or near the surface of the earth. Survey field measurement include horizontal and slope distance, vertical distance and the horizontal-vertical angle. In addition to taking measurement in the field, the surveyor can derive related distances and directions through geometric and trigonometry analysis (Barry F.Kavanagh).

Type of Survey

i. Geodetic Survey are to determine very precisely the relative or absolute positions on the earth surface of a widely separated points


ii. Plan Survey Remote sensing, mapping and charting depending on plane surveying of fixed reference points, like monuments, longitude and latitude coordinates; magnetic effects, and relative velocity of Earth points to each other.

Table 1 : Difference between Plain Survey and Geodetic Survey

Principle of Survey

Basic Principles of Surveying is a fundamental rule to always work from the whole to the part. To locate a new station by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from fixed reference points. This implies a precise control surveying as the first consideration followed by subsidiary detail surveying.



This means, when an area is to be surveyed, first a system of control points is to be established covering the whole area with very high precision. Then minor details are located by less precise methods.




Uses of Survey

Surveying is the scientific technique to determine the position of points and angles & distances between them. The process of surveying is used to fulfill various purposes. It is necessary for making map, planning a project etc.





Engineering Survey

The survey which are carried out for determination of quantities or to afford sufficient data for designing engineering work such as roads, railways, dams, sewage disposal, and construction work generally. based on boundaries mark, beach mark, triangulation monument, GPS monument and have vertical and horizontal control.  

Figure 1 : Engineering Survey

Cadastral Survey

The survey which are generally plotted to a larger scale than topographical survey and arc carried out for fixing the property lines, calculation of area landed properties and preparation of revenue maps of states. A survey for the preparation of defining legal property boundaries. To produces a plans of property boundaries for legal purpose, such as determination of boundaries mark, resurvey for land acquisition, subdivision etc.  

Figure 2 : Cadastral Survey

Hydrographic Survey

The science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation, marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/offshore oil drilling and related activities.

Figure 3 : Hydographic Survey

Topographic Survey

The survey that gathers data about the elevation of points on a piece of land and presents them as contour lines on a plot. The purpose of a topographic survey is to collect survey data about the natural and man-made features of the land, as well as its elevations.

Figure 4 : Topographic Survey

Astronomy Survey

A general map or image of a region of the sky which lacks a specific observational target. Alternatively, an astronomical survey may comprise a set of many images or spectra of objects which share a common type or feature. Surveys are often restricted to one band of the electromagnetic spectrum due to instrumental limitations, although multi-wavelength surveys can be made by using multiple detectors, each sensitive to a different bandwidth.

Figure 5 : Astronomy Survey

 Global Positioning System Survey (GPS)

GPS is a highly accurate navigation system using signals from satellites to determine a location on the Earth's surface, irrespective of weather conditions. It is dependent on GPS satellites high above the Earth which transmit signals containing the time and location of the satellite

Figure 6 : Global Position System Survey

 

Photogrammetry Survey 

Photogrammetry is the practice of determining the geometric properties of objects from photographic images. Is the making of precise measurements from photographs; the making of maps from photographs, especially from aerial surveying

Figure 7 : Photogrammetry Survey

Remote Sensing Survey

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the Earth. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography, land surveying and most Earth Science disciplines .

Figure 8 : Remote Sensing Survey